An official FBI document dated January 2021, obtained by the American association “Property of People” through the Freedom of Information Act.

This document summarizes the possibilities for legal access to data from nine instant messaging services: iMessage, Line, Signal, Telegram, Threema, Viber, WeChat, WhatsApp and Wickr. For each software, different judicial methods are explored, such as subpoena, search warrant, active collection of communications metadata (“Pen Register”) or connection data retention law (“18 USC§2703”). Here, in essence, is the information the FBI says it can retrieve:

  • Apple iMessage: basic subscriber data; in the case of an iPhone user, investigators may be able to get their hands on message content if the user uses iCloud to synchronize iMessage messages or to back up data on their phone.

  • Line: account data (image, username, e-mail address, phone number, Line ID, creation date, usage data, etc.); if the user has not activated end-to-end encryption, investigators can retrieve the texts of exchanges over a seven-day period, but not other data (audio, video, images, location).

  • Signal: date and time of account creation and date of last connection.

  • Telegram: IP address and phone number for investigations into confirmed terrorists, otherwise nothing.

  • Threema: cryptographic fingerprint of phone number and e-mail address, push service tokens if used, public key, account creation date, last connection date.

  • Viber: account data and IP address used to create the account; investigators can also access message history (date, time, source, destination).

  • WeChat: basic data such as name, phone number, e-mail and IP address, but only for non-Chinese users.

  • WhatsApp: the targeted person’s basic data, address book and contacts who have the targeted person in their address book; it is possible to collect message metadata in real time (“Pen Register”); message content can be retrieved via iCloud backups.

  • Wickr: Date and time of account creation, types of terminal on which the application is installed, date of last connection, number of messages exchanged, external identifiers associated with the account (e-mail addresses, telephone numbers), avatar image, data linked to adding or deleting.

TL;DR Signal is the messaging system that provides the least information to investigators.

  • argv_minus_one@beehaw.orgEnglish
    109·
    1 year ago

    Takeaways:

    • End-to-end encryption works.
    • The only trustworthy computer is your computer. Don’t use cloud storage.
    • The only trustworthy software is open-source software. Proprietary software serves the interests of the proprietor, not the user.
  • Melpomene@kbin.social
    56·
    1 year ago

    Thanks for the great summary! Also a good reminder to people that storing your backups on a “as secure as we decide it is” service like iCloud isn’t ideal if you want to protect your data from government snooping.

    Edited to remove pre-coffee salt and lack of nuance.

    • Leigh@beehaw.orgMEnglish
      36·
      1 year ago

      This perspective lacks nuance.

      a service like iCloud is a bad idea if you care about your privacy

      Like all security and privacy measures, you have to consider your threat profile. From whom are you trying to maintain privacy from? If it’s other people or companies, then using a service like this is perfectly okay. If you’re worried about state actors or governmental agencies coming after you, then you have a very different set of requirements and considerations than most people, and you should plan accordingly.

      But saying that services like this aren’t for people who care about their privacy is a little disingenuous. As with all things, it’s a matter of degrees.

      • Melpomene@kbin.social
        14·
        1 year ago

        Fair point… and I’ll edit the comment to reflect that. Thanks for catching the lack of nuance… guess fasting for 24 hours has me both tired and salty.

      • mobyduck648@beehaw.orgEnglish
        7·
        1 year ago

        I feel a lot of people get ‘dragnet surveillance against everyone on the internet’ mixed up with ‘being actively under pressure from a state-level actor’. If the likes of MI5 or the FBI were genuinely after someone they’d need a lot more than an encrypted messaging service and a VPN to avoid them.

        I like my current setup but I’m under no illusion it would do much at all against the ‘electric cattle prod and water-boarding’ school of decryption exploits.

      • Snapz@beehaw.orgEnglish
        6·
        1 year ago

        Learn from Reddit, don’t give corporations the power to do so and they can’t inevitably abuse that power.

        • Melpomene@kbin.social
          11·
          1 year ago

          It’s not so much Apple is bad as “commercial providers, including Apple, aren’t great at privacy.”

          • fades@beehaw.org
            2·
            1 year ago

            I (and many others) would argue Apple is great at privacy, unless you are trying to hide from subpoenas

            • Melpomene@kbin.social
              1·
              1 year ago

              Or you’re living or working somewhere that can force Apple to scan your phone for particular dissident files. I much prefer that my data is inaccessible by my providers.

    • xray@beehaw.org
      9·
      1 year ago

      Generally agree, but this document is also from January 2021. Apple brought E2EE to almost all aspects of iCloud in December 2022 including iCloud Backups. It’s opt-in, so theoretically, if you were having a conversation with a contact who didn’t opt-in to E2EE but backed up their iMessages to iCloud, the government could still access your messages via that contact even if you opted-in to E2EE, but still.

    • Azzu@discuss.tchncs.de
      5·
      1 year ago

      Also depends on if the backup is properly encrypted. If it is, security of whatever storage you use is pretty irrelevant.

  • StrayCatFrump@beehaw.orgEnglish
    43·
    1 year ago

    Also remember this is useless without complementary security measures:

    1. Encrypt the storage on any device where these are installed (including your desktop/laptop drives if you install e.g. the desktop version of Signal).
    2. Lock your devices with pin or password, and store that pin/password only in your head (there’s no such thing as telepathy at this point in time so they can’t physically force it out of you, unlike biometric data like your fingerprints).

    If you are relying on “Legally they’re not allowed to,” instead of, “They simply can’t, despite all they might try,” then you’re not doing it right.

    • StarkillerX42@lemmy.mlEnglish
      7·
      1 year ago

      The really nice part about this is that this is exactly what Signal says they can share, and have been forced to share in the past. It’s a tested history of complete policy transparency.

    • twhite@lemmy.mlEnglish
      4·
      1 year ago

      Yeah but I’m still mad about their decision to drop SMS/MMS.

      Wonderful app, great handling of signal to signal messaging, but it really took away my ability to sell end to encryption to friends and family.

      • Luke@lemmy.mlEnglish
        6·
        1 year ago

        it really took away my ability to sell end to encryption to friends and family

        As I understand it, SMS and MMS aren’t encrypted (and that’s why support was dropped). Unfortunately, you were never selling your friends e2e as long as they kept using SMS, even if they used it through Signal. In fact, it’s arguable that the false perception of security in “now I’m texting through Signal, and that means it’s secure!” was even more damaging than never having switched in the first place. (Unless they went all the way and stopped using SMS, of course.)

        So, nothing is lost from that perspective. Now you can more accurately recommend ppl to use Signal messages instead of SMS and know that you are more accurately selling e2e with every convert because they can’t keep using insecure messaging through Signal.

      • Panteleimon@beehaw.orgEnglish
        3·
        1 year ago

        That’s fair, though personally I’m kindof glad they did. “Signal is a secure messaging app” is a lot easier to explain to non-tech-savvy people than “Signal is a secure messaging app, as long as you are messaging someone who is using Signal too. It can also send regular texts but they can’t be encrypted.” Leaving that nuance out would have left people texting with a false assumption of security, but I lost several people explaining it because it “sounds complicated”.

        • flynnguy@programming.devEnglish
          2·
          1 year ago

          Yeah, but now a lot of people I convinced to use it, no longer use it because they just want to use one app.

      • ninchuka@lemmy.oneEnglish
        2·
        1 year ago

        sms through signal was not encrypted, how would that even work? how would the signal app even know your contacts were using an app that supports encryption?

        • poop@lemmy.blahaj.zoneEnglish
          1·
          1 year ago

          I believe once upon a time, back when Signal was called TextSecure, it actually supported this. I don’t remember how it knew the remote party was on TextSecure, I think it may have just let you send anyone encrypted messages, regardless of whether they could read them but I could be wrong. It’s been a long time.

        • Onihikage@beehaw.orgEnglish
          1·
          1 year ago

          Signal accounts are based on your phone number, so if you’re messaging a number that has an account with Signal, the app could see that and would send the message through Signal’s protocols to that Signal account instead of with the SMS protocol which is not encrypted.

        • twhite@lemmy.mlEnglish
          1·
          1 year ago

          You’re correct I should have better worded my point: Signal used to be a single all that someone could install that could handle sending out their regular unencrypted SMS messages and Signal encrypted messages.

          Signal also did exactly what you’ve described - auto-enabled encryption when it detected another signal user by phone number.

          The net result was more people using encrypted messaging.

  • ozoned@beehaw.orgEnglish
    23·
    1 year ago

    No mention of Matrix. Wonder if it’s not on their radar, or they have nothing, or just wasn’t important to put it on there?

    • worfamerryman@beehaw.orgEnglish
      9·
      1 year ago

      I think it is because it is a bit nuanced. I used to host a matrix server and if the FBI was like hey, give us the data to something.

      I’d just give them anything they wanted. I did not allow signups, I only gave access to one friend and only had it setup as a learning project.

      I’m sure my friend wouldn’t do anything shady on it, I’ve been close friends with him for about 30 years. But I’m not going to fight the fbi on their behalf. Plus, if they were using the server for something that the fbi needed to get involved with, I’d be pissed they used my server to do it.

      tl:dr anyone can host a matrix instance and each host could have different levels of access.

    • jackattackson@lemm.eeEnglish
      8·
      1 year ago

      I’m wondering the same thing.

      I am a long time signal user but I just started using Matrix yesterday and now I’m very curious about whether Signal or Matrix is better somehow in terms of security/privacy.

      • ozoned@beehaw.orgEnglish
        20·
        1 year ago

        I stopped using Signal after they said no alternate clients, then got into crypto, then introduce a proprietary shim to their stack.

        I plan on someday actually running my own Matrix server for myself and family, right now I’m on Matrix.org though. At this point I don’t know how folks recommend Signal over Matrix. There are a lot of clients, so maybe the choice of clients is too confusing? IDK.

        But anyone saying Matrix isn’t easy enough for non-tech folks to understand, my sister, niece, even wife set up Element themselves on their phones without issue. My father and step-mother both use Element with us. I configured it but they know how to message and do video chat and things.

        • jackattackson@lemm.eeEnglish
          6·
          1 year ago

          Thanks for sharing! I really want to get my family on Matrix now.

          We have not been able to find a solid chat/video call app that the entire family (various ages and tech aptitude) can effectively use. We’ve been bouncing around to various apps since COVID lockdowns started. We had been using Slack for a while but the video calling in Slack is unusable now.

          • ozoned@beehaw.orgEnglish
            4·
            1 year ago

            We do voice and video chat every week with my family and it seems to work incredibly well. No real issues with any of it.

        • dismalnow@kbin.social
          3·
          1 year ago

          While France isn’t a part of FVEY “the five eyes alliance”, it is extremely likely that it is compromised because Matrix was created by the French government in 2018.

          Keep in mind that op’s foia request is from 2021.

          • space@beehaw.org
            14·
            1 year ago

            Fact check: the French govt did not create Matrix.

            Matrix is an open protocol created in 2014, for an Israel-based private company.

            In 2018 the french govt decided to use a verson of that protocol in their own chatting network.

            • dismalnow@kbin.social
              2·
              1 year ago

              Thanks, and apologies. I’ve edited out my idiocy. Misremembered, and was thinking of something else.

      • Em Adespoton@lemmy.caEnglish
        1·
        1 year ago

        Well, there are a few leakage issues with Matrix, but there’s also the benefit that you can stand up your own server or use one based in a country you’re comfortable having access to your basic connection data.

        So unlike Signal where the hashes are all stored in one place, with Matrix no single government has control over the entire network.

    • Sl00k@programming.devEnglish
      5·
      1 year ago

      Also important to note it’s been well known the CIA uses Matrix internally for communications. If they’re using it for communication it’s probably pretty sturdy.

    • worfamerryman@beehaw.orgEnglish
      1·
      1 year ago

      I think it is because it is a bit nuanced. I used to host a matrix server and if the FBI was like hey, give us the data to something.

      I’d just give them anything they wanted. I did not allow signups, I only gave access to one friend and only had it setup as a learning project.

      I’m sure my friend wouldn’t do anything shady on it, I’ve been close friends with him for about 30 years. But I’m not going to fight the fbi on their behalf. Plus, if they were using the server for something that the fbi needed to get involved with, I’d be pissed they used my server to do it.

      tl:dr anyone can host a matrix instance and each host could have different levels of access.

      • 676@lemmy.caEnglish
        2·
        1 year ago

        The server shouldnt be seeing anything of value if you’re end to end encrypted

        • worfamerryman@beehaw.orgEnglish
          1·
          1 year ago

          That is what I imagine as well. Either way, if they want files to try and decrypt then they can have them.

  • NotSteve_@beehaw.orgEnglish
    21·
    1 year ago

    I’m actually surprised they can’t get more WhatsApp data considering it’s Facebook. I know WhatsApp’s thing is encryption but… It’s Facebook

    • Steeve@lemmy.caEnglish
      4·
      1 year ago

      There’s a lot of misinformation about Facebook on Reddit. They absolutely deserve scrutiny, but their main problem has always been growing too big too fast and all regular capitalism stuff. If you actually look further into their scandals than Reddit comment sections it becomes apparent that most of their issues (Cambridge Analytica, general misinformation, hate speech, etc) comes from just regular ol corporate incompetence at a massive scale rather than maliciousness. I don’t know if that makes anyone feel any better lol.

      They are trying to turn it around though and they’re investing a shit ton in privacy and trying to tackle “bad actors” and misinformation problems on their platforms (because I guess the scrutiny worked). They’re pushing heavily for Messenger to be fully E2EE like WhatsApp, so it’s pretty clear that they want to work with local law enforcement about as much as you want them to.

      They should definitely be heavily scrutinized, but I think a lot of the Meta criticism goes past constructive conversation and into rage-fueled hate, especially on Reddit and other competing social medias.

  • sparky@lemmy.federate.cc@lemmy.federate.ccEnglish
    20·
    1 year ago

    iMessage is now fully secure like Signal and Telegram, if you’ve enabled advanced data protection in your Apple ID. This also protects your photos and other personal information from snooping and data breaches. Apple users should turn on this great feature in Settings -> iCloud.

    • Sojourn@geddit.socialEnglish
      4·
      1 year ago

      I believe Matrix has the same encryption as Signal. Though there are some things that leak metadata, like reactions for some reason. Would like an investigation into it as well, as I pretty frequently use it. Obviously this is assuming it’s an encrypted chat. Though would also like to see the comparison of an invite only encrypted room, vs a public joinable encrypted room.

  • Napain@lemmy.mlEnglish
    14·
    1 year ago

    i love how telegram isn’t even encrypted or anything but they just ghost the authorities

    • __forward__@lemm.eeEnglish
      13·
      1 year ago

      To clarify because this is always a point of confusion whenever the topic comes up. Telegram is, of course, transport encrypted. Someone listening on the wire cannot read your data. It is not end-to-end encrypted, meaning Telegram can always read your messages and can, in principle, give anyone access.

      • ookees@beehaw.orgEnglish
        5·
        1 year ago

        That’s not entirely true. Telegram’s one on one secret chat is end to end encrypted. As well as one on one voice and video calls. Group chats are not end to end encrypted.

        Additionally Telegram does have an auto delete features built in for all of its chat types. So while I can’t entirely rule out that Telegram could have a backup of a chat somewhere, you have a bit more piece of mind if you turn on the auto delete feature.

        • __forward__@lemm.eeEnglish
          2·
          1 year ago

          Thanks for the clarification I should have mentioned this. Especially for calls it is actually relevant but I feel like very few people actually use secret chats.

      • locness3@discuss.tchncs.deEnglish
        2·
        1 year ago

        It’s worrying how Telegram says “all your chats are protected with strong encryption” while this is just standard stuff nowadays (wasn’t when Telegram came out, to be fair). While it’s technically true, it’s almost sure to be misinterpreted and have it sound like it’s equal to actual e2ee software

    • TemporaryBoyfriend@lemmy.caEnglish
      2·
      1 year ago

      This is why I prefer cloud services outside US jurisdiction, and refuse to use anything based in the USA - like iCloud. National Security Letters are a thing, and even massive companies like Apple can’t fight them.

    • TooL@kbin.social
      3·
      1 year ago

      Right? The data they can collect there is pretty much entirely useless unless they can also gather the location of last connection. But even then, not terribly helpful.