• Treczoks@lemmy.world
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    24 hours ago

    It is not about “sugar-free”. It is about added artifical sweeteners. Not that one thinks they would add sugar tax to e.g. sparkling water…

    • whereitsat@lemmy.zip
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      20 hours ago

      why is that rational but 100% pure milk is ok?

      the milk that we’re sold is for fucking cows. how much more ‘unnatural’ can you get? would you go cuddle a cow and drink from its tit?

      i don’t even buy any of the dangers of artificial sweeteners. can you even create a study where someone is indulging in aspartame and also not eating/drinking one of the other 34983048304834 chemicals we’re taking in on a daily basis?

      even if it is bad on some level, fruit juice is worse strictly going by sugar/calorie content unless it’s squeezed straight from the fruit, which nobody is doing, other than weirdos.

      • Treczoks@lemmy.world
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        8 hours ago

        I would definitely not drink milk directly from a cow. That is something I leave to conservative idiots in the US.

        As for artificial sweeteners, there are dozens of peer-reviewed studies on the dangers, and some of those chemical have already been taken off the market. Biological / pharmaceutical research has mastered to single out threats from single components long ago, so if they come to the conclusion that aspartame or others are bad, they have good reason to believe it actually was that components fault.

      • chiliedogg@lemmy.world
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        19 hours ago

        would you go cuddle a cow and drink from its tit?

        Is that really something you want these people to answer?

        • Treczoks@lemmy.world
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          8 hours ago

          Some of the more stupid Americans are actually proud of drinking raw milk. A rather dangerous hobby, especially with the state of medical insurance in the US.

  • LittleBorat3@lemmy.world
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    1 day ago

    They always fumble stuff like this on purpose. A bag of nuts has the worst nutri score ever, a deep frozen pizza is a B.

    Lobbyists the answer is lobbyists. The government is very corrupt here, especially the current one.

    • Sheldan@lemmy.world
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      23 hours ago

      Nutri scores compare with similar products in a category.

      Nuts and pizza are in different categories, and maybe that specific pizza was better than the rest.

  • BenLeMan@lemmy.world
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    1 day ago

    If they’re really going to tax sugar-free drinks (and not even use the money for healthcare) then it’s obviously going to be another tax on being poor, like the increase of the value added tax that they are also planning.

    Just what we asked for. Tax increases that are going to do nothing to the overly rich and instead hurt regular people. And then they wonder why people turn to political extremism.

  • Nalivai@lemmy.world
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    1 day ago

    > Invents Spezi, the best beverage there is
    > Invents Shorle, the best beverage type there is
    > Taxes the shit out of them
    I see what you did here

  • Peacepath@lemmy.world
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    2 days ago

    It is a good way to tax the poors while pretending it is ethical and for public health… May the poors would be healthier if they have less money?

    • late_pessimistic@slrpnk.net
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      1 day ago

      Taxing sugar is protecting the poor people’s wallets long-term from having to buy Ozempic, surgeries, sneakers for jogging, and fitness trackers.

      That’s the real way wealth gets transfered from the bottom to the top - by selling poison AND the treatment for it.

      • Peacepath@lemmy.world
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        1 day ago

        Now that you say it, it truely works. And look, for tabaco, before the poors were smoking and dieing of the consequences of it while evil rich were getting rich by selling them poison. And so it was the richs’fault!

        Thanks to taxes, poors keep smoking and they still die of it, and rich seller still make money out of it. But now the fault is on the poors who are smokers…

        Also, I would like to suggest heavy high taxe on sugar and sweet products so that blackmarket could keep growing. And since we now buy cigarets from illegal drug dealers, why not also buy from them our candies and sodas? It gives back some money to (the richest one of the) poor neighbohoods without direct intervention in the economy.

        Education and program for healthy behaviour accessible even for poors would be so wrong: the richest would make less money and pass for the bad guys…

    • blackberry28@sh.itjust.works
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      1 day ago

      If you read it, the tax will still apply to drinks with artificial sweetener:

      “Gestern war ein Papier aus Klingbeils Ministerium bekannt geworden, demzufolge die geplante Abgabe mehr Produkte betreffen könnte als ursprünglich angenommen. In dem Papier des Finanzministeriums sind zum Beispiel auch Säfte, Milchersatzprodukte wie Hafer- und Mandelmilch und alkoholfreie Biermixgetränke genannt, außerdem Getränke, die lediglich Süßungsmittel enthalten.”

    • Sir_Premiumhengst@lemmy.world
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      2 days ago

      O lol that’s fairly recent tho. Yesterday they were all saying: hurr durr the drinking of sweet tasting things should be curbed and I almost punched the narrator via TCP/IP

  • CrypticCoffee@lemmy.ml
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    1 day ago

    Don’t. It’s shit. In the UK, every drink became low sugar as they swapped sugar for aspartame and asulfate k. Only coca-cola stayed the same and you pay the tax. I mostly drink apple or orange juice now, but I reserve the right to want to drink shitty drinks when I buy a takeaway. Companies didn’t give that choice unfortunately.

    Artificial sugars taste like shit and there is some evidence that despite zero calories, they can lead to higher blood sugar level.

    Oh, and aspartame could be carcinogenic: https://www.who.int/news/item/14-07-2023-aspartame-hazard-and-risk-assessment-results-released

    It’s like when UK pushed folk to diesel to cut CO2 emissions and greenhouse gases got worse.

    • Ginny [they/she]@lemmy.blahaj.zone
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      Oh, and aspartame could be carcinogenic: https://www.who.int/news/item/14-07-2023-aspartame-hazard-and-risk-assessment-results-released

      This is straight up misinformation. The study you cited specifically says JEFCA continues to rate aspartame as safe with a fairly high daily intake, and IARC says there is limited evidence (i.e. basically no evidence of an acceptable standard) for carcinogenicity. It is classified as group 2B “possibly carcinogenic”, because there is no such thing as “not carcinogenic”. For reference:

      There is also very little evidence aspartame affects blood glucose. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2161831325000857

      People are free to drink the drinks that are worse for you, but given that the state foots the bill for the consequences of that, it’s not unreasonable to ask that you pay more to do so, just as we do for tobacco and alcohol.

      • Arola@sh.itjust.works
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        1 day ago

        Very good point. We may as well have that beer instead of the occasional sugary drink. Similar carb count to tax ratio.

    • KSP Atlas@sopuli.xyz
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      1 day ago

      is it weird that I prefer sugar free drinks

      The normal versions taste far too sweet and they mess up my stomach

      The sugar free versions are more reasonable (imo) and they don’t mess up my stomach

      • Corhen@lemmy.world
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        11 hours ago

        Not at all,

        Love my sugar free drinks, they taste better than sugared drinks

        My kid spilled sugar free coke in my hair on a trip, and unlike if it was regular coke, it wasn’t an issue.

      • CrypticCoffee@lemmy.ml
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        1 day ago

        It’s not weird if that’s what you like. It makes me feel ill and triggers the gag reflex.

        I wonder if my point is allowed, the fast food industries heavy investment in partial “science” and astroturfing has been very successful.

          • CrypticCoffee@lemmy.ml
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            22 hours ago

            The hive view here is the rather not so nuanced sugar = bad, artificial sweeteners = great". Reminds me why I don’t miss reddit. It was the same in the pro-nuclear stance which had been astroturfed to the point that “nuclear > wind and solar”. Weirdly surreal and disturbing.

            I get surprised when anticapitalists start doing the work of corporations.

      • Xenny@lemmy.world
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        1 day ago

        Yeah once you get used to the taste of the artificial sweetner its the superior version IMO. There’s no corn syrup film left on your teeth either

    • Nalivai@lemmy.world
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      I mostly drink apple or orange juice now

      I’m pretty sure this is the intended purpose of the law.

      • CrypticCoffee@lemmy.ml
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        1 day ago

        As an adult, I can smoke, drink, eat all sorts of shit, but I cannot have a sugary drink unless it’s coke because shops stopped selling them. The law was intended to discourage, not prohibit. I actually drink more coke too now as it’s only soft drink I can buy that doesn’t taste like chemicals.

        For reference, kids in schools can drink shit filled with artificial sweeteners. They can get chocolate with their lunch and trust me, they treat themselves to chocolate and a Prime on their way home.

        This law didn’t protect health, just move folk to substitutes that aren’t necessary better for them. States shouldn’t be preventing consenting adults making decisions with their own health.

        Hell, the food is still largely unregulated with ridiculous levels of sodium which is ridiculous for heart disease.

      • glasratz@feddit.org
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        1 day ago

        Apple juice isn’t really healthier than soft drinks, especially sugar-wise.

        • CrypticCoffee@lemmy.ml
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          1 day ago

          After the first one. One is likely good for you, but more and it’s a bit like drinking coke. Pulp based smoothies are more healthy through.

          • Croquette@sh.itjust.works
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            1 day ago

            Fruit juice is the sugar of the fruits without the fibers. So not much different than a soda sugar wise.

          • glasratz@feddit.org
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            1 day ago

            No. Juice is not good for you. And smoothies are still worse than fresh fruit. And fruit is still worse than vegetables.

            • CrypticCoffee@lemmy.ml
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              22 hours ago

              “A plausible explanation as to why fruit juices may lead to different health effects from those of sugar-sweetened beverages is that fruit juices are a source of various bioactive compounds, such as vitamins (vitamin C, folate, etc.), minerals (mostly potassium), and antioxidants [73], while sugar-sweetened beverages generally have none. Antioxidants were shown to decrease oxidative stress [91], which plays an important role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, and dyslipidemia [92].”

              https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/5/1006

              Please don’t spout opinions not based in fact.

              There is more to fruit juice than just sugar.

              • glasratz@feddit.org
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                19 hours ago

                Please don’t post excerpts from studies without reading the conclusion. This study doesn’t conclude what you want it to. The sentece about antioxidants for example is about antioxidants in general and not about whether their consumption in fruit juices has health benefits. The study basically says there’s a lack of data to assess the situation.

                Here, look at this more recent study that compared different kinds of fruit juices.

                https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213453024001915

                It concludes that fruit juices have less health risks the more they resemble fresh fruit.

  • Catoblepas@lemmy.blahaj.zone
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    3 days ago

    100% fruit juices would remain exempt

    Why?? Shit’s sugar. You’re not getting most of the nutritional benefit from juice, all the fiber has been removed.

    • LittleBorat3@lemmy.world
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      1 day ago

      Someone paid someone else a million and now juice with 50 percent sugar is not included in this.

      Stevia coke is, how weird …

    • cattywampas@lemmy.world
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      3 days ago

      My guess is because it’s unsweetened, and that the tax applies to drinks with added sugar or sweetener.

      • Catoblepas@lemmy.blahaj.zone
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        3 days ago

        ‘We should reduce sugar and sweetener consumption, let’s not tax this drink that’s almost pure sugar because it’s natural’ is asinine. Apple juice has virtually identical sugar content to a soda.

        • tyler@programming.dev
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          2 days ago

          They’re not the same types of sugar. Your body uses glucose differently than fructose.

          • pseudo@jlai.lu
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            1 day ago

            They are both very high in fructose. What is your point? I genuinly don’t get it.

          • SalmiakDragon@feddit.nu
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            Maybe to some extent? I don’t think the superiority of one monosaccharide over the other has been clearly established. There are differences, but the health impact of them are not clear. Also, “glucose vs fructose” is

            1. not super-relevant to the matter of comparing juice with soda. At least here in the Nordics, most sodas seem to be sweetened with sugar, a.k.a. sucrose (a.k.a. fructose+glucose, see below), and maybe a splash of juice. (Based on a survey of my favorites, though I mostly drink the Zero-versions)

            2. a bit of a false choice (see below).


            Fructose often co-occurs with glucose

            (Source: Wikipedia article on Fructose)

            • Fructose co-exists with glucose, in sucrose …

            Fructose, or fruit sugar, is a common monosaccharide, i.e. a simple sugar. It is classified as a reducing hexose, more specifically a ketonic simple sugar found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose.

            • … and in fruit.

            Table: “Sugar content of selected common plant foods”. Note that many of the fruits’ sugar content is dominated by a combination of sucrose and free fructose. Only plum breaks this trend, containing mostly glucose instead (still 47% sucrose and fructose).

            • Also: Fructose mostly ends up as glucose

            The liver converts most fructose and galactose into glucose for distribution in the bloodstream or deposition into glycogen.

            “Potential health effects”

            • A lot of the discussion in this part of the article is just about overconsumption of dietary sugars (including glucose and sucrose) in general, which would indicate to me that the differences between them aren’t all that significant. However:

            The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) stated in 2011 that fructose may be preferable over sucrose and glucose in sugar-sweetened foods and beverages because of its lower effect on postprandial blood sugar levels,[58] while also noting the potential downside that “high intakes of fructose may lead to metabolic complications such as dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance, and increased visceral adiposity”.[58][59] The UK’s Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition in 2015 disputed the claims of fructose causing metabolic disorders, stating that “there is insufficient evidence to demonstrate that fructose intake, at levels consumed in the normal UK diet, leads to adverse health outcomes independent of any effects related to its presence as a component of total and free sugars.”[60]

            • “Compared to sucrose”

            Fructose was found to increase triglycerides in type-2 but not type-1 diabetes, and moderate use of it has previously been considered acceptable as a sweetener for diabetics,[61] possibly because it does not trigger the production of insulin by pancreatic β cells.[62] For a 50 gram reference amount, fructose has a glycemic index of 23, compared with 100 for glucose and 60 for sucrose.[63] Fructose is also 73% sweeter than sucrose at room temperature, allowing diabetics to use less of it per serving.

          • liuther9@lemmy.world
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            1 day ago

            What is the difference? Both harmful same way, glucose spikes, leads to obesity

            • tyler@programming.dev
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              21 hours ago

              They are not. Monosaccharides are absorbed differently and used differently than disaccharides.

          • Catoblepas@lemmy.blahaj.zone
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            2 days ago

            The sugar in soda contains fructose (it is in fact 50% fructose). Soda with HFCS isn’t actually that much higher in fructose than plain sugar soda, ironically; the ‘high’ just means ‘higher than white sugar’.

            • tyler@programming.dev
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              2 days ago

              The “high” means greater than 55% fructose. HFCS has to be at minimum HFCS-55 according to the FDA. Many sodas mix HFCS-55 with HFCS-90 to increase the concentration. And I never said that soda doesn’t have fructose? Don’t know where you got that.

        • Valmond@lemmy.dbzer0.com
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          2 days ago

          Isn’t it fructose, or has it changed during the “jucification” process? I mean fructose is sugar, but way less bad than refined sugars.

          • Catoblepas@lemmy.blahaj.zone
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            3 days ago

            Because apples aren’t apple juice, metabolically or nutritionally. The fiber slows down how fast you absorb the sugar and it’s good for your gut.

            • UninterestingVoid@reddthat.comB
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              2 days ago

              Don’t get me wrong, they probs should tax it but wouldn’t that just push people to make their own juice instead and probs not change much?

            • njm1314@lemmy.world
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              3 days ago

              Yes that’s why I wouldn’t tax them extra, however you seem to be advocating for a tax on anything with sugar. So why the change? You say yourself they’ve still sugar in it so why not tax them according to your logic?

              To put another way, if the presence of sugar isn’t enough to justify the tax on its own, as long as the form is somrwhat different, then why not accept the difference between added sugar and no added sugar? That’s just as meaningful a difference.

              • Catoblepas@lemmy.blahaj.zone
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                3 days ago

                I have no idea what you’re trying to advocate for here, but a dietitian isn’t going to tell you that apple juice and an apple are the same, because they’re not; a single serving of apple juice isn’t even made from a single apple. Fruit is healthy to eat, juice is not a health drink. If you’re taxing for health it makes sense to tax the unhealthy things and not the healthy ones.

                • njm1314@lemmy.world
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                  2 days ago

                  I’m not really advocating for anything other than pointing out that your argument is inconsistent. Is it about the sugar or not? If not then you’ve already accepted that there are different definitions and clearly juice is a different definition than a soft drink. Your arbitrarily deciding what’s okay and not okay from what I can see of your argument. Adding healthy is even worse. That’s an extremely subjective argument.

                  What about grapes? They’re extremely high in sugar and relatively low in fiber. Is that okay? Do you see what I’m saying? There’s no consistency to go on here.

    • Hanrahan@slrpnk.net
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      because they aren’t purtity testing their legislation and added sugar and added artificial sweeteners is their current target, it’s a start ffs

    • Jake Farm@sopuli.xyz
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      3 days ago

      Because like all laws, corruption came into the process to make it miss the goal entirely.

      • Hegar@fedia.io
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        3 days ago

        Taxing almost all sugary drinks including artificial sweetners but not 100% juice is not “missing the goal entirely”. That’s still hitting the unhealthiest and most marketed beverages.

        • Jake Farm@sopuli.xyz
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          2 days ago

          There is no evidence that sugar substitutes are unhealthy and in fact have proven over and over again to increase weight loss compared to full sugar or telling people to “just drink more water”.

        • huppakee@lemmy.world
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          2 days ago

          I’d agree if this targeted products with added sugar and left the artificial sweetners out of it. Fruit juice is also sold in high volumes, especially to families and people beyond their prime age. They might be less marketed, but I would argue they’re not less unhealthy than soda with artificial sweetners. They might not miss the figurative goal entirely, but they sure are missing their literal goal if they are doing this to limit peoples consumption of unhealthy drinks.

    • qyron@sopuli.xyz
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      A company (Compal) in my country (Portugal) that has been making whole fruit juice since the 70’s. If they made it any thicker, you could eat it with a fork.

      Spain and France also have off-brand manufacturers of this type of fruit drink. Germany could learn something

    • LemmyPlaceDN@europe.pub
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      2 days ago

      Not all sugar is the same. I’ve read that natural fruit sugar is still way healthier than industrially refined sugar. Also fruit juice usually contains vitamins, electrolytes and fiber. So from a health perspective it makes sense to me to exempt 100℅ fruit juices. The alternative would be to only allow juice mixed with water or something else.

    • tomi000@lemmy.world
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      2 days ago

      The problem is processed sugar being the cheapest calories per weight you can find so adding sugar to drinks is hyper cheap while getting people (especially kids) addicted and sick. 100% fruit juices arent the problem.

      • atzanteol@sh.itjust.works
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        1 day ago

        No, the problem is that people have simply demonized soda. HFCS in particular. It’s not about sugar, it never has been. An exception for fruit juice makes this obvious. It’s the “naturalistic fallacy” in action.

        • tomi000@lemmy.world
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          How does an exception for fruit juice (containing natural sugar and relatively expensive) make it obvious that its not about added sugar and cheap drinks?

          • RamRabbit@lemmy.world
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            1 day ago

            Sugar is exactly as healthy as sugar. Notice how I didn’t add any words to the front? Those words don’t change how (un)healthy sugar is. The law clearly isn’t about health; as it is portrayed.

            Furthermore, they tax artificial sweeteners as well. So, might as well use actual sugar if you are paying the tax either way!

            • tomi000@lemmy.world
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              Sugar is exactly as healthy as sugar.

              This shows how little you know about the subject yet you keep arguing as if you had facts. Sugar is a category of compounds consisting mainly of saccharids (which again, is a category of compounds). There are literally thousands of “sugars” which vary wildly in their effects on the human body. Also, other stuff you ingest/digest at the same time influences those as well…

              Furthermore, they tax artificial sweeteners as well.

              Nope. Klingbeil revoked that immediately afterwards.

              • atzanteol@sh.itjust.works
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                21 hours ago

                This shows how little you know about the subject yet you keep arguing as if you had facts. Sugar is a category of compounds consisting mainly of saccharids (which again, is a category of compounds). There are literally thousands of “sugars” which vary wildly in their effects on the human body. Also, other stuff you ingest/digest at the same time influences those as well…

                Yeah - but that’s not what this is about is it? It’s “natural good-for-you sugar” vs. “evil corporate refined high-fructose corn syrup”. The naturalistic fallacy laid bare.

                • tomi000@lemmy.world
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                  20 hours ago

                  Not as far as Im concerned. This is “corporations add dirt cheap sugar to drinks making people addicted to poison for cents per liter” vs. “there simply is sugar in a pressed fruit”. And does it really matter what the motivation is as long as the desired result is the same? Taxing fruit juices just wouldnt make any sense. Theyre not the problem.

      • Anivia@feddit.org
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        2 days ago

        Not sure why you are getting downvoted, it’s established science that fructose is worse than glucose. People freak out at high fructose corn syrup, but when it’s “natural” juices it’s completely fine I guess

        • atzanteol@sh.itjust.works
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          11 hours ago

          Because “standard sugar” is 50% fructose. Sucrose is half glucose and fructose. High fructose corn syrup is 42-55% fructose with the remainder being glucose.

        • tyler@programming.dev
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          2 days ago

          Huh? Those natural juices are glucose. They have some fructose still, but it’s nothing like sweetened drinks.

            • tyler@programming.dev
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              2 days ago

              Sure. Maybe I’m just in a weird group of people, but I don’t know anyone that considers Apple juice to be fruit juice though. At least from a perspective of “would you like some juice”. No one is ever talking about apple juice because it’s long been just sugar water in America. There’s only like two good brands that make it anymore. When the people I know talk about juice it’s orange, pineapple, mango, etc. almost always pulpy juices.

              • Anivia@feddit.org
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                2 days ago

                Okay, but this is about Germany, and apple juice is the most popular juice in Germany. And apple flavored sugar water is not allowed to be labeled as Apple juice here

              • boonhet@sopuli.xyz
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                2 days ago

                You’re in a weird group or a weird country then, I drink apple juice quite often, even have made it myself when there’s been a plentiful year. And it’s still pulpy.

                • tyler@programming.dev
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                  2 days ago

                  If you’re getting pulpy apple juice then yes, you are not in my country. I’m in the U.S. I’ve never even heard of pulpy apple juice.

  • lechekaflan@lemmy.world
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    1 day ago

    I’m more often drinking water, only coffee with stevia for up to 4 times a day, and enjoy a little soda or fruit juice once in a while as I treat those the same way as a shot of whisky. Just all in moderation.

    • python@lemmy.world
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      2 days ago

      Ordering “ohne scharf” because you’re weak ❌
      Ordering “ohne scharf” because you can’t afford it ✅

  • JadenSmith@sh.itjust.works
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    3 days ago

    The UK has had this for a while. I will be honest in that I still miss the taste of full sugar drinks, that’s definitely a downgrade, however after so many years of having these other drinks available I’ve lately found full sugar to be just… Too much.

    Some artificial sugars do a number on my gut though. Been drinking more healthier things as a result, though overall I suppose the sugar tax has had a positive effect?

    • Buddahriffic@lemmy.world
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      2 days ago

      Personally, I find that sucralose is the only artificial sweetener that doesn’t taste kinda gross. Maybe dried up stevia leaves would be ok but I’m pretty sure I taste some leftover solvent in the refined stuff. The compound itself might be natural (not that that even really matters, as the sugar it is intended to replace is also natural), but since it’s not water soluable, processing it involves substances some would consider… unnatural.

    • tal@lemmy.today
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      2 days ago

      Some artificial sugars do a number on my gut though

      Do not eat any substantial amounts of candy containing xylitol. Stuff is a laxative, and lots of sugar-free candy and gum uses it.

      https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylitol

      Adverse effects

      Humans

      When ingested at high doses, xylitol and other polyols may cause gastrointestinal discomfort, including flatulence, diarrhea, and irritable bowel syndrome (see Metabolism above); some people experience the adverse effects at lower doses.[21][36] Xylitol has a lower laxation threshold than some sugar alcohols but is more easily tolerated than mannitol and sorbitol.[37]

      • NotEasyBeingGreen@slrpnk.net
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        1 day ago

        My wife is ADHD and cannot stop herself from chewing through an entire box of gum if she buys one, then spends the evening moaning in pain on the toilet. 😬

      • boonhet@sopuli.xyz
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        2 days ago

        There’s that LA Beast video on YouTube where he goes through a large bag of sugar free haribo bears and develops an excellent relationship with his toilet. After reading hilarious Amazon reviews about how they’re a laxative.

        • finallymadeanaccount@lemmy.world
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          2 days ago

          I discovered him when he ate two huge jars of Vegemite straight up. As an Australian, this made me worry about his blood pressure.

          “Awgh! It burns!”

      • bigbangdangler@reddthat.com
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        2 days ago

        It does help to reduce cavities, however. Xylitol limits acid production from fermenting bacteria, and it’s the acid which actually causes cavities (sugar, on the other hand, feeds the fermentation).

        So use xylitol toothpaste if you can. You don’t swallow it, so the stomach concerns are nullified.

  • Kennystillalive@feddit.org
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    2 days ago

    The Union really doing their upmost to have the AFD seem more appealing for the uneducated, reactionary conservatives.